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1)  An SP with an aggressor’s voice

 

  Some SPs may represent themselves as someone that the host personality actually met and interacted with in the past, and who had some traumatic effect on the person.

   Short clinical example

  (deleted)

 2)  A competitive SP

  Some SPs can be very competitive with the host personality, and may possess attributes that differ considerably from those of the host, such as age and gender, which makes the two personalities entirely incompatible.

   Short clinical example

    (deleted)

 3)  A depressive and self-destructive SP

  Some SPs are characterized by a depressive and pessimistic affect that is entirely inconsistent with the host personality’s usual mood.

   Short clinical example

 (deleted)

  So far, we roughly classified SPs into two categories: one exhibiting aggressive towards the host, and the other exhibiting aggression to other people in support of the host.

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2）quasi-physical presence felt and experienced by the individual

Perhaps one of the unique natures of the SPs is that they are felt on a high perceptual and physical level. They are often felt “shadowy” not only figuratively, but “grayish” “like a shadow”, visually. Quite often SPs are experienced by main parts as alienating with persecutory and threatening nature. Sometimes SPs are felt so forceful and binding when they are active. Some host parts of personality state that when SPs become active, it feels like a violent outburst which came out of them. Even when they stay awake and watchful, they feel physically bound by a ghost, like in sleep paralysis.

2. Some prototypical SPs

　In this section, I will demonstrate several types of SPs that I have observed in my clinical practice.

1) An SP that asserts itself on behalf of the host personality
　Some SPs appear to manifest in order to express anger and aggression on behalf of the host personality, who seem unable to even feel or experience these affects during certain stressful or traumatic situations. As discussed later, This coincides with some author’s description of the “protective functions of some parts” (van der Hart, et al. 2006)

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1) Temporary appearance in critical situations

     When SPs appear, they typically remain for only a short period and disappear rather quickly. If their appearance takes the form of stormy or violent behaviors, it tends to last for an even shorter period. In this case, SPs appear to consume a considerable amount of physical mental energy and get exhausted, literally unable to “stay up” any more. These states are approximated to episodes of cultural-bound syndromes characterized by sudden and violent behaviors, such as latah and amok.

   This condition is similar to episodes of sudden, incomprehensible violence or attack by a single individual, which then subsides rather quickly, leaving the person amnesic of the episode (Kon, 1996). The triggering factor for the appearance of SP varies, but often it is related to reminders of some critical or traumatic event in the past. The way in which SPs appear is reminiscent of the mechanisms triggering flashbacks of past traumatic events occurring among patients with post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD).

SP論文書き直し ６

1) Difficulty being approached and identified

   One plausible reason that SPs sometimes do not seem to have a distinct identity is that they are not fully formed; in other words, they are not altogether “crystallized” or “elaborated” (van der Hart et al, 2006) in their character formation. Often, they appear in a trance-like or somnambulist state, or as a clouded consciousness lacking the capacity to identify themselves or respond to particular questions asked by clinicians. Another way of understanding this nature might be that in the original scene of the aggression, the perpetrator tried to deny or obscure his/her identity, either by denying his/her active involvement (“it didn’t really happen”) r obscure his/her intention (“I never really meant it).sometimes it is the very victim who refuses to identify the perpetrator’s identity (“it was not my daddy who did it. Someone else that I don’t know did it.)

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  Some features of SPs

 I would like to define SPs as having the following three major components.

 1) Anger/aggressiveness

  Anger and aggression are the primary components of SPs’ emotional expression. However, it is often unclear to whom SPs are directing their anger. Indeed, they appear to direct their anger in a rather indiscriminate fashion, such as yelling at or lunging toward whoever is around them. However, it might also hurt the body of the host personality, or even attempt to kill him/her, which ultimately means killing itself.

   It is worth noting that SPs’ aggressiveness is typically accompanied by a lack of the same in the host and other main personality states. Many parts of the personality seen among patients with DID often do not know how to express, or even feel, angry and frustrated. SPs might typically appear in situations where other people have initially demonstrated aggressive behaviors or intrusiveness towards the host personality. The host personality does not, however, typically intentionally “summon” or “invite” the SP into the scene in response to aggression from others. Instead, the host personality may become at a loss and thereby cause the SP to manifest. The whole process occurs rather instantly and automatically.

It is worth noting that In the Studies of Hysteria (1895), Freud proposed an opposite view, that a person intentionally and defensively mobilizes different parts of the personality in such critical situations, and disagreed with Breuer’s non-dynamic view (a “hypnoid state.”) that such a state occurs automatically.

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Thus, major DID researchers almost invariably recognized the presence of SP-like figures in their work and call it “persecutor personality”. More recently, in their theory of “Structural dissociation of personality”, van der Hart and others (van der Hart, et al. 2006) most succinctly discuss this type of personality in their description of the “persecutory EP” among other part of personality.

“As EPs they [persecutory EPs] claim they are abuser, and not the abused, and have the affects and behaviors of a perpetrator to varying degrees. In this sensei, these EPs often cannot distinguish internal reality from external reality”.(p82.)

They say that “[persecutory parts, those EPs that have identified with perpetrator(s), are almost invariably present in chronically traumatized individuals”. They also depicted the above-mentioned master-mind nature,saying “EPs are often unwilling to participate in therapy directly, and work ‘behind the scences” to sabotage progress (…) (p.312)