SP 論文書き直し ３

1. Theoretical review regarding SPs

The nature and characteristic of SPs have been described and discussed by major authors. In his classical work, Kluft (1984) already mentioned aggressive and destructive parts often observed in DID patients. Frank Putnam, in his classification of different “alter personalities”, mentioned “persecutor personalities” which sabotages the patient’s life and may inflict injury upon the body and can be suicidal. As for its origin, Putnam states that "introjects" of the original abuser(s); others have evolved from original helper personalities into current persecutors”. Putnam also describes that that personality “strikes a contemptuous or condescending attitude toward the therapist and often actively seek undermine treatment”. Ross (1997) also mentions “persecutor personalities” which he describes as “often responsible for suicide attempts, "accident”s, self-destructive and self-defeating behavior, and outwardly directed aggression as well”. “They often present as tough, uncaring, and scornful, but this is usually just a front for an unhappy, lonely, rejected-self-identity”.
Kluft, R. P. (1984). An introduction to Multiple Personality Disorder. Psychiatric Annals, 14(1), 19-24.

Putnam, F.W. (1989) Diagnosis and Treatment of Multiple Personality Disorder. The Guilford Press, New York

Ross, C.A.(1997) Dissociative Identity Disorder. Diagnosis, Clinical Features, and

Treatment of Multiple Personality Second Edition. John Wiley and Sons, New York